BURDOCK   Arctium lappa, A. minus
The leaves of burdock are egg-shaped and entire (somewhat toothed); the lower leaves are usually heart-shaped.  The purple flowers are in bristly heads.  Common burdock (A. lappa) is two to four feet tall, has stalkless or short-stalked flowerheads and hollow leaf stalks. Great burdock (A. lappa) is larger (up to eight feet tall), with solid, deeply grooved leaf stalks that resemble celery. Burdocks appear from summer to fall (Newcomb 1977).

BUTTERFLY WEED or PLEURISY ROOT   Asclepias tuberosa
Butterfly weed or pleurisy root has a hairy stem, umbels of showy, orange flowers, and alternate, lance-shaped or narrow leaves, about two to five inches long.  It stands one to two feet high during the summer (Newcomb 1997).

CANADA THISTLE   Cirsium arvense
The Canada thistle has creeping underground stems with small, numerous purple or occasionally white flower heads (Newcomb 1977).

CHASTE-TREE   Vitex agnus-castus
Chaste-tree is a shrub with palmate leaves made up of five to seven linear, lance-shaped, toothed, leaflets that are dark green above, gray underneath, and covered with a close felt. The fragrant purple flowers are on slender racemes three to six inches long (Grieve 1998). The aromatic berries resemble black pepper.

CHICORY   Cichorium intybus
Chicory is one to four feet high, with toothed, lobed or entire leaves that somewhat clasp the stem. The rays of chicory are blue (occasionally white) and toothed at the tip.  The flower heads are about one to one and a half inches wide and stalkless along the branches (Newcomb 1977).

CURLED DOCK or YELLOW DOCK   Rumex crispus
The curled dock has lance-shaped, pointed, lower leaves that are with strongly curled borders.  The three flat wings of the fruit are heart-shaped and are entire, and may be faintly toothed.  The distinctly stalked flowers grow in whorls forming several branched racemes (Newcomb 1997).

ENGLISH PLANTAIN or RIBWORT PLANTAIN   Plantago lanceolata
The leaves of English plantain are lance-shaped, and ribbed.  The inconspicuous flowers are in a dense spike and can be seen from spring to fall (Newcomb 1977).

FEVERFEW   Tanacetum parthenium (previously Chrysanthemum parthenium)
Feverfew is one to three feet high and has white flowers with ten to twenty oblong rays. The numerous flowerheads are one to two inches wide, and occur in clusters.  The leaves are divided into egg-shaped segments. (Newcomb 1977).

FOXGLOVE   Digitalis lanata and D. purpurea
Foxglove is three to six feet high, with ovate to lance-shaped, soft-hairy, toothed, leaves up to one foot long in a basal rosette.  The purple to white, spotted, thimble-shaped flowers are 1.25 inches long, in spikes.  It can be identified in the summer (Foster 1990).   D. lanata has long, narrow leaves and smaller, yellow-brown flowers. Foxgloves are commonly cultivated as ornamentals in North America.

GINKGO   Ginkgo biloba
Ginkgo biloba, also called maidenhair tree, is a tall, deciduous tree with fan-shaped leaves that are long-stemmed and two-lobed (hence the species name biloba).  The leaves turn golden in autumn. The yellow fruits contain a hard seed (Weiss 1998).

HORSE NETTLE   Solanum carolinense
Horse nettle, a prickly plant, has violet, star-shaped flowers in small clusters.  The stamens form a yellow cone in the middle of the flower.  Its leaves are coarsely toothed or lobed.  Horse nettle stands one to four feet high and is seen in the summer and fall (Newcomb 1977).

JAPANESE KNOTWEED   Polygonum cuspidatum
Japanese knotweed is a large, bushy plant, about four to ten feet high, with leaves that are broad, with shortpoints at the tip.  The greenish-white flowers grow in branching spikes. Flowers usually grow from leaf axils, and can be seen from summer to fall (Newcomb 1977).

JIMSONWEED or THORN APPLE   Datura stramonium
Jimsonweed is one to five feet high, and has egg-shaped, pointed, coarsely toothed leaves that are two to eight inches long.  Its white, violet or lavender funnel-shaped flowers are about two and a half to four inches long.  Its fruit is a spiny pod, about two inches long, which is why it is commonly called thornapple.  It can be seen from summer to fall (Newcomb 1977).

LAVENDER   Lavandula spp.
Lavenders grow up to one to three feet high, with opposite, entire, and linear leaves.  The stem is covered with yellowish-grey, flaky bark.  The short-stalked lavender flowers are in whorls of six to ten flowers on terminating, blunt spikes (Grieve 1998).

POKEWEED   Phytolacca americana
Pokeweed is a stout, branching plant standing from four to ten feet high from summer to fall, with racemes of white or pinkish flowers a quarter inch wide.  The berries are dark purple (Newcomb 1977).

PURPLE CONEFLOWER   Echinacea purpurea, other Echinacea species)
The purple coneflower rays are reddish purple, and droop.  The flowerhead is about two and a half to four inches wide with a bristly center.  The lower leaves are egg-shaped and have long stalks.  The entire flower stands two to five feet high and can be seen from summer to fall (Newcomb 1977).

RED CLOVER   Trifolium pratense
Red clover is a perennial, 6-24 inches high, with a dense, stalkless head of magenta or purple flowers.  The oval leaflets are usually marked with a white “V.”  Red clovers can be seen from spring to fall (Newcomb 1977).

YELLOW SWEET CLOVER   Melilotus officinalis
Yellow sweet clover has fragrant leaves; when crushed or dried they give off the scent of new-mown hay.   The yellow flowers are in racemes that are about two to four inches long.  Each leaf is divided into three leaflets and finely toothed.  Yellow sweet clover stands three to eight feet high, and can be seen from late spring to fall (Newcomb 1977).

YELLOW WOOD SORREL or WOOD SORREL   Oxalis europaea or O. stricta
Yellow wood sorrel stands three to fifteen inches high, with an erect stem and flowers a quarter to half an inch wide.  Yellow wood sorrel is a common weed.  It has three leaflets that are notched at the tip.  It is visible from spring to fall.   The leaves contain oxalic acid and are sour to the taste (Newcomb 1977).